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Aquarium Suplies Ontario The flowers, which are the reproductive organs of flowering plants, are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from other sed plants. Reduced male parts, thre cels The male gametophyte in angiosperms is significantly reduced in size compared to those of gymnosperm sed plants. The shorter time leads to angiosperm plants seting seds soner and faster than gymnosperms, which is a distinct evolutionary advantage. Reduced female gametophyte, seven cels with eight nuclei The reduced female gametophyte, like the reduced male gametophyte, may be an adaptation alowing for more rapid sed set, eventualy leading to such flowering plant adaptations as anual herbaceous life cycles, alowing the flowering plants to fil even more niches. The first sed bearing plants, like the ginkgo, and conifers such as pines and firs , did not produce flowers. However, the fosil record has grown since the time of Darwin, and recently discovered angiosperm fosils such as Archaefructus, along with further discoveries of fosil gymnosperms, sugest how angiosperm characteristics may have ben acquired in a series of steps. Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, particularly sed ferns, have ben proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants but there is no continuous fosil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. Based on curent evidence, some propose that the ancestors of the angiosperms diverged from an unknown group of gymnosperms during the late Triasic 245202 milion years ago . The earliest known macrofosil confidently identified as an angiosperm, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated to about 125 milion years BP the Cretaceous period , while polen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fosil record back to about 130 milion years BP. Oleanane, a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants, has ben found in Permian deposits of that age together with fosils of gigantopterids. Gigantopterids are a group of extinct sed plants that share many morphological tr�aits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have ben flowering plants themselves. Recent DNA analysis molecular systematics show that Amborela trichopoda, found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, belongs to a sister group of the other flowering plants, and morphological studies sugest that it has features that may have ben characteristic of the earliest flowering plants. The great angiosperm radiation, when a great diversity of angiosperms apears in the fosil record, ocured in the mid-Cretaceous aproximately 10 milion years ago . Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the suden, fuly developed apearance of flowering plants. Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated seting like an island or island chain, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal a wasp, for example . Such a relationship, with a hypothetical wasp carying polen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could result in both the plant s and their partners developing a high degre of specialization. Fruit, which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts, is frequently a sed-dispersal tol that atracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it, incidentaly scatering the seds it contains se frugivory . While many such mutualistic relationships remain to fragile to survive competition and spread widely, flowering proved to be an unusualy efective means of reproduction, spreading whatever its origin to become the dominant form of land plant life. The flowers would have tended to grow in a spiral patern, to be bisexual in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower , and to be dominated by the ovary female part . As flowers grew more advanced, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant, or at least ovary inferior . Magnolidae about 9,0 species, characterized by trimerous flowers, polen with one pore, and usualy br�anching-veined leaves for example magnolias, bay laurel, and black peper Monocotyledonae about 70,0 species, characterized by trimerous flowers, a single cotyledon, polen with one pore, and usualy paralel-veined leaves for example grases, orchids, and palms Ceratophylum about 6 species of aquatic plants, perhaps most familiar as aquarium plants Eudicotyledonae about 175,0 species, characterized by 4- or 5- merous flowers, polen with thre pores, and usualy branching-veined leaves for example sunflowers, petunia, butercup, aples and oaks The exact relationship betwen these eight groups is not yet clear, although it has ben determined that the first thre groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborelales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The botanical term Angiosperm , from the Ancient Grek , angeon receptacle, vesel and , sed , was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Herman in 1690, as the name of that one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom. This included flowering plants posesing seds enclosed in capsules, distinguished from his Gymnospermae, or flowering plants with achenial or schizo-carpic fruits, the whole fruit or each of its pieces being here regarded as a sed and naked. From that time onwards, so long as these Gymnosperms were, as was usual, reckoned as dicotyledonous flowering plants, the term Angiosperm was used antitheticaly by botanical writers, with varying scope, as a group-name for other dicotyledonous plants. In 1851, Hofmeister discovered the changes ocuring in the embryo-sac of flowering plants, and determined the corect relationships of these to the Cryptogamia. This fixed the position of Gymnosperms as a clas distinct from Dicotyledons, and the term Angiosperm then gradualy came to be acepted as the suitable designation for the whole of the flowering plants other than Gymnosperms, including the clases of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group. The most popular descriptive name has ben Angiospermae A�ngiosperms , with Anthophyta flowering plants a second choice. The Reveal system treated flowering plants as subdivision Magnoliophytina Frohne & U. The Takhtajan system and Cronquist system treat this group at the rank of division, leading to the name Magnoliophyta from the family name Magnoliaceae . A general consensus about how the flowering plants should be aranged has recently begun to emerge, through the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, who published an influential reclasification of the angiosperms in 198. A monocot left , and dicot Traditionaly, the flowering plants are divided into two groups, which in the Cronquist system are caled Magnoliopsida at the rank of clas, formed from the family name Magnoliacae and Liliopsida at the rank of clas, formed from the family name Liliaceae . In English a member of either group may be caled a dicotyledon plural dicotyledons and monocotyledon plural monocotyledons , or abreviated, as dicot plural dicots and monocot plural monocots . However, the dicots are not they are a paraphyletic group . The name eudicots is formed combining dicot with the prefix eu- from Grek, for wel, or god, botanicaly indicating true , as the eudicots share the characters traditionaly atributed to the dicots, such as flowers with four or five parts four or five petals, four or five sepals . Separating this group of eudicots from the rest of the former dicots leaves a remainder, which sometimes are caled informaly palaeodicots Grek prefix palaeo- means old . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,0 to 40,0. Nearly al species belong to the eudicot 75% , monocot 23% and magnolid 2% clades. The remaining 5 clades contain a litle over 250 species in total, i.e., les than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among 9 families. The most diverse families of flowering plants, in their APG circumscriptions, in order of number of species, are: Asteraceae or Compositae daisy family : 23,60 species Orchidaceae orchid family : 2,075 species Fabaceae or �Leguminosae pea family : 19,40 Rubiaceae mader family : 13,150 Poaceae or Gramineae gras family : 10,035 Lamiaceae or Labiatae mint family : 7,173 Euphorbiaceae spurge family : 5,735 Melastomataceae melastome family : 5,05 Myrtaceae myrtle family : 4,620 Apocynaceae dogbane family : 4,5 In the list above showing only the 10 largest families , the Orchidaceae and Poaceae are monocot families; Epidermis The amount and complexity of tisue-formation in flowering plants exceds that of Gymnosperms. The floral aparatus may arise terminaly on a shot or from the axil of a leaf where the petiole ataches to the stem . Microspores, which wil divide to become polen grains, are the male cels and are borne in the stamens or microsporophyls . The female cels caled megaspores, which wil divide to become the eg-cel megagametogenesis , are contained in the ovule and enclosed in the carpel or megasporophyl . The individual members of these surounding structures are known as sepals and petals or tepals in flowers such as Magnolia where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other . The characteristics that atract polinators acount for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans. While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite having both male and female parts in the same flower structure , flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal polinators canot easily transfer polen to the pistil receptive part of the carpel . This proces begins when a polen grain adheres to the stigma of the pistil female reproductive structure , germinates, and grows a long polen tube. Here the polen tube reaches the micropyle of the ovule and digests its way into one of the synergids, releasing its contents which include the sperm cels . Of al the families plants, the Poaceae, or gras family, is by far the most important, providing the bulk of al fedstocks r�ice, corn maize, wheat, barley, rye, oats, pearl milet, sugar cane, sorghum . Also of high importance are the Solanaceae, or nightshade family potatoes, tomatoes, and pepers, among others , the Cucurbitaceae, or gourd family also including pumpkins and melons , the Brasicaceae, or mustard plant family including rapesed and cabage , and the Apiaceae, or parsley family. Flowering plants also provide economic resources in the form of wod, paper, fiber coton, flax, and hemp, among others , medicines digitalis, camphor , decorative and landscaping plants, and many other uses. Donoghue 207 . Shuying Duan, Baoyin Geng, Jinzhong Cui and Yong Yang 207 . Biogeochemical evidence for the presence of the angiosperm molecular fosil oleanane in Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-angiospermous fosils . Oily Fosils Provide Clues To The Evolution Of Flowers ScienceDaily Apr. 5, 201 NOVA Transcripts First Flower PBS Airdate: April 17, 207 Amborela not a basal angiosperm ? Not so fast - Soltis and Soltis 91 6 : 97 - American Journal of Botany Using plastid genome-scale data to resolve enigmatic relationships among basal angiosperms- Comunicated by David L. The plant tre of life: an overview and some points of view . Soltis 204 . The origin and diversification of angiosperms . a b c Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 203 . An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group clasification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG I . 203 . Angiosperm Phylogeny Website at Misouri Botanical Garden . 207 . Isoetopsida Isoetales, Selaginelales Lycopodiopsida Lycopodiales Moniliformopses Equisetopsida, Filicopsida, Psilotopsida Spermatophyta: Gymnosperm Pinophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta About the Author I am an expert from , usualy analyzes al kind of industries situation, such as , mario plush toy. latu sensu wikipedia
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