The course of the Volga is divided into three parts: the upper Volga (from its source to t.... volga confluenc

The course of the Volga is divided into three parts: the upper Volga (from its source to the confluence of the ), the middle Volga (from the confluence of the Oka to that of the ), and the lower Volga (from the confluence of the Kama to the mouth of the Volga itself). (Between the Samara Bend and Volgograd it receives only the relatively small left-bank tributaries of the Samara, Bolshoy Irgiz, and Yeruslan.) Above Volgograd the Volga's main distributary, the Akhtuba, branches southeastward to the Caspian Sea, running parallel to the main course of the river, which also turns southeast. volga confluenc

The Dnieper is customarily divided into three parts: the upper Dnieper as far as Kiev, the middle D.... dnieper river

The Dnieper is customarily divided into three parts: the upper Dnieper as far as Kiev, the middle Dnieper from Kiev to Zaporizhzhya (Ukraine), and the lower Dnieper from Zaporizhzhya to the mouth. From Orsha to Shklow, Belarus, the Dnieper flows between raised, sometimes steep banks overgrown with woods; the left bank becomes lower, whereas the right remains high as far as the confluence with the Sozh River (where the Dnieper enters Ukraine). The width of the river from Orsha to the confluence with the Sozh ranges from 260 to 1,300 feet, and from the mouth of the Sozh to the mouth of the Pripet River it is from 1,600 to 2,000 feet. Marked asymmetry of the river valley is characteristic of the middle Dnieper. The steep, high right bank (up to 260 feet above the river) forms the escarpment of the , which stretches along the entire middle course of the river. On the southern portion of the middle Dnieper, the river cuts through the Ukrainian crystalline massif and flows for 56 ! miles in a narrow, almost unterraced valley bounded by high, rocky banks. The rapids were flooded by the backwaters of the Dnieper hydroelectric power station dam, above Zaporizhzhya, which raised the level of the river by 130 feet, backed its waters up to Dnipropetrovsk, and formed the Dnieper Reservoir. dnieper river

Tunas are elongated, rather robust fishes that are streamlined and have a rounded bo.... tuna speci

Tunas are elongated, rather robust fishes that are streamlined and have a rounded body tapering to a slender tail base and a forked or crescent-shaped tail. The seven species of tunas in the genus Thunnus are the bluefin tuna ( T. The yellowfin tuna reaches a maximum weight of about 180 kg, and the albacore grows to about 36 kg. The bluefin tuna characteristically has yellow finlets and is often marked with silvery spots or bars; it is important in commercial and sport fishing, with anglers rating it among the greatest trophies obtainable. The only two species of relatively limited distribution are the blackfin tuna (western Atlantic) and the longtail tuna (Indo-Pacific region). The canned meat of albacore and yellowfin tunas is one of the world's most popular fish foods. Several other species in the family Scombridae are commonly known as tuna, among them the ( Katsuwonus, or Euthynnus, pelamis ), a fish that is found worldwide and grows to about 90 cm (3 feet) and 23 kg. tuna speci

The well-known Dover sole ( Solea solea ) of Europe is.... sole solea

The well-known Dover sole ( Solea solea ) of Europe is a commercially valuable food fish. The Dover sole reaches a length of about 50 cm (20 inches) and is brown in colour, with darker blotches and a black spot on each pectoral fin. This species is found in shallow coastal waters of the Atlantic from New England to Central America. sole solea

MLA style: "snakehead." . . Chicago: , . APA style: snakehead. ). . 2007 . Chicago: . st.... style: snakehead.

MLA style: "snakehead." APA style: snakehead. style: snakehead.

The source of the Shannon is generally considered to be the pools at the foot of Tiltinbane Mountain. After.... river grand

Near Termonbarry, at Richmond Harbour, the river is joined by the Royal Canal; and at Lanesborough it enters Lough Ree. At Shannon Harbour the river is joined by the Grand Canal. From Limerick the river enters its long estuary, in which shipping has dwindled since the 19th century and in which some of the large reclaimed areas have been used for Shannon International Airport, located near the estuary of the River Fergus in County Clare. From 1789 to 1817 the Royal Canal was constructed from the north side of Dublin through Mullingar to the Shannon, but it was not so successful as was the Grand Canal, and it was sold to a railway company in 1846. APA style: Shannon, River. river grand

The more than 1,000 species vary in size from a few millimetres (a fraction .... anemon live

Sea anemones are commonly yellow, green, or blue; they are attached by the pedal disk, or base, to a hard surface such as a rock, wharf timber, a seashell, or the back of a crab. In some species (e.g., Metridium ) the pedal disk breaks into fragments that grow into new individuals. Sea anemones often live in close association with other organisms. When the crab grows too large for its shell, it moves to a new one, transplanting the anemone to the new shell. The hermit crab Eupagurus prideauxi and the sea anemone Adamsia palliata are always found living together, never alone. Fishes of the genera Premnas and Amphiprion often live safely among the poisonous tentacles of an anemone such as a species of Stoichactis , Radianthus , or Discosoma . Such fish, however, may be stung and eaten by other anemone individuals, even of the same species. anemon live

Sculpins are bottom-dwelling, inactive fish. Most are found in shallow sea waters, though some live in deeper wate.... sculpin north

There are about 300 species of sculpins, the largest of which grow about 60 cm (2 feet) long. Familiar marine sculpins of the Atlantic Ocean include such forms as: the bullrout, or shorthorn sculpin ( Myoxocephalus scorpius ), a large, mottled-brownish sculpin found in Europe, the Arctic, and North America; the longhorn sculpin ( M. octodecemspinosus ), a common North American species, variable in colour and with long cheek spines; and the sea raven, a North American fish distinctively adorned with fleshy tabs on its head and notable for its ability, like certain other sculpins, to inflate itself with air when removed from the water. In the Pacific Ocean, there are such species as the cabezone ( Scorpaenichthys marmoratus ), a large, eastern Pacific fish, edible but often having blue- or green-tinted flesh; the staghorn sculpin ( Leptocottus armatus ), a common North American species; and Vellitor centropomus, a long-snouted sculpin common in the Orient. The name sculpin is ! also applied to various other small, primarily northern Pacific fish of the family Icelidae. sculpin north

lake, southwestern , Eastern Africa. It is part of an inland drainage system in the Rukwa Trough, whi.... lake squar

It is part of an inland drainage system in the Rukwa Trough, which probably at one time belonged to the East African Rift Valley system of which Lake Nyasa is a part. The lake covers an area of about 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km) and lies midway between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa, at an elevation of about 2,600 feet (800 m); it has an average depth of 10 feet (3 m). lake squar

A fortified Neolithic village ( c. ) has been excavated on the west coast, with rema.... pantelleria style:

The Spanish Requesens family were princes of Pantelleria from 1311 until the town of Pantelleria was sacked by the Turks in 1553. The island's strategic situation in the narrow passage separating the eastern and western Mediterranean induced the Italian government of Benito Mussolini to fortify it as a base, from which Allied convoys were attacked in World War II. The installations and the town of Pantelleria were destroyed by intensive Allied air assault in 1943. MLA style: "Pantelleria Island." APA style: Pantelleria Island. pantelleria style:

The strait was greatly feared by sailors in antiquity, mainly because of the .... strait style:

These usually alternate every six hours, and the water falls 6 to 8 inches (150 to 200 mm) during the main current; especially strong currents tear seaweed from the bottom and sometimes throw up fish with atrophied or abnormal eyes and with organs for the production of phosphorescence. MLA style: "Messina, Strait of." APA style: Messina, Strait of. style: "Messina, Strait of." strait style:

In connection with the dietary laws, kosher implies (1) that the food is not derived from the animals, birds, or .... anim method

In connection with the dietary laws, kosher implies (1) that the food is not derived from the animals, birds, or fish prohibited in Leviticus 11 or Deuteronomy 14; (2) that the animals or birds have been slaughtered by ritual method of ( see below); (3) that the meat has been salted to remove the blood (Deuteronomy 12:16, 2325, and elsewhere) after the carcass has been critically examined for physical blemishes and that the ischiatic nerve has been removed from hindquarters (Genesis 32:32); and (4) that meat and milk have not been cooked together (Exodus 23:19) and that separate utensils have been employed. The special method of slaughtering animals, called shehitah, consists of an incision made across the neck of the animal or fowl by a qualified person especially trained for ritual slaughter, with a special knife that is razor-sharp and has a smooth edge with absolutely no nicks. The cut severs the main arteries, rendering the animal unconscious and permitting the blood to! drain from the body. Objections have sometimes been raised to this method of slaughter on the grounds of cruelty. The sight of the struggling animal aroused the concern of humane societies, and in some European countries this resulted in legislation forbidding shehitah. anim method

Hydrology has as its primary objective the study of th.... water hydrolog

As hydrology is mainly concerned with water close to the land surface, it focuses on those components of the hydrologic cycle that occur therenamely, precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and groundwater. Hydrometeorology, for example, concentrates on water in the lower boundary layer of the atmosphere, while hydrometry involves the measurement of surface water, especially precipitation and streamflow. Researchers in the field rely increasingly on computer simulations of natural hydrologic systems and remote-sensing techniques, as, for example, the use of Earth-orbiting satellites equipped with infrared cameras to detect bodies of polluted water or to trace the flow of hot springs. Hydrologic research is important in the development, management, and control of water resources. water hydrolog

The Hsi River itself drains an area of about 127,000 square miles (32.... river mile

More than half of the river's basin is mountainous and lies between 9,900 and 1,650 feet (3,000 and 500 m) above sea level; more than 40 percent of the rest of the basin is occupied by hills between 330 and 1,650 feet (100 and 500 m) high. The Hsi's main headstream is generally considered to be the , which rises in the Yunnan-Kweichow plateau region at an elevation of about 6,900 feet (2,100 m) but drops a total of 5,900 feet (1,800 m) in the first 530 miles (850 km) of its course, which flows in a southeasterly direction through Yunnan province. This section of the river flows for about 400 miles (640 km) through a narrow valley with high, mountainous banks dropping down about 850 feet (260 m). This shortest section of the river is no more than 75 miles long, the river dropping about 50 feet (15 m) in this distance. For almost half its length, the Ch'ien flows through the narrow, rock-strewn Tat'eng Gorge between the cities of Wu-hsan and Kuei-p'ing, at the end of which it ! receives its major right-bank tributary, the Y River, and is then called the Hsn River. This section flows for about 120 miles (190 km) in an easterly direction, dropping a further 55 feet (17 m) and receiving the Jung River on the right bank at T'eng-hsien and the Kuei River on the left bank at Wu-chou (Ts'ang-wu) on the Kwangtung province border. Below Wu-chou, where it enters Kwangtung province, the river is known as the Hsi River. Canton lies west of the point where the Tung flows into the main channel; Hong Kong stands to the east and Macau to the west of the entrance to the Pearl River Estuary, which is about 18 miles (29 km) wide. Covering an area of about 1,500 square miles (3,900 square km) in southeastern Kwangtung province, the delta is a complex network of river branches and channels, divided by islands of alluvial soil and by hills that were once coastal islands. The river contains an abundance of freshwater fish, and the waters of the Pearl River Delta are uti! lized as fishponds. River towns become more frequent in the hi! lly part of the Kwangsi region, where the river is an artery of commerce; towns include Kung-ch'uan, Ch'ien-chiang, Lai-pin, Kuei-p'ing, T'eng-hsien, and Wu-chou. The Hsi River is the great commercial waterway of South China, linking Hong Kong, Canton, Macau, and other delta centres with Wu-chou and the interior. The Hsi River basin contains more than 9,000 miles (14,500 km) of water routes, of which more than 6,800 miles (11,000 km) are in use. Because most of the river branches of the delta are shallow, oceangoing vessels cannot reach Canton but must dock at Huang-pu-chiang (Whampoa), 10 miles (16 km) downstream. river mile

The term was popularized through works of the 16th-century Swiss a.... move earth

The term was popularized through works of the 16th-century Swiss alchemist in which gnomes were described as capable of moving through solid earth as fish move through water. APA style: gnome. move earth

inland body of water, southwestern , U.S. It lies west of ( ), near (.... mile km)

The second largest freshwater lake entirely within the United States (after ), it is 80 miles (130 km) long and 25 miles (40 km) wide and covers an area of 1,150 square miles (3,000 square km). The lake has several islands, including Porcupine, Flat, Triangle, and Seal islands, and it is noted for its game fish, especially rainbow trout.

Hippopotamus is Greek for �river horse,� and the animal has been known since ancient times. Hippopotamus.... hippo year

Once ranging over the entire continent and beyond, hippos now live in eastern, central, and parts of southern Africa. Although often seen basking in the sun, hippos lose water rapidly through the skin and become dehydrated without periodic dips. Hippos, however, eat relatively little vegetation for their size (about 35 kg [80 pounds] per night), as their energy requirement is low because they are buoyed in warm water much of the time. Hippos do not chew cud but retain food for a long time in the stomach, where protein is extracted by fermentation digestion. As a result, hippos have long had a largely undeserved reputation as aggressive animals. Cows live in schools, but they are not permanently associated with other cows, though sometimes they maintain bonds with offspring for some years. Males mature at about 8 years of age, but dominant bulls more than 20 years old do most of the . Hippos were extinct in northern Africa by 1800 and south of and the by 1900. There remains a! demand for hippo teeth as a fine-grained that is easy to carve; it was once used to make false teeth. The pygmy hippo is less aquatic than its larger relative, although when pursued it hides in water. These groups diverged from other members of the order about 45 million years ago, but molecular studies suggest that hippos and (whales and dolphins) have an earlier common ancestor and may be more closely related. A fossil resembling today's pygmy hippo dates to the Early (23.8 million to 16.4 million years ago). Hippos eventually reached Europe and Asia, though climate changes and overhunting by humans exterminated all species outside Africa by the end of the (1,800,000 to 10,000 years ago). , The Long African Day (1972), features hippos in this classic work, which celebrates African wildlife. hippo year

any of about 70 species of marine and freshwater fishes of the family Exocoetidae (orde.... flight glide

They can skip across the water to escape from danger, and some are able to make short, gliding flights like the related ( q.v. flight glide

The grayling is placed by some authorities in a distinct family, Thymallidae. MLA style: "grayling." . . Chic.... mla style:

The grayling is placed by some authorities in a distinct family, Thymallidae. MLA style: "grayling." mla style:

French Lac Léman , or Lac de Genève , German Genfersee largest Alpine lake in Europe .... mile squar

About 134 square miles (347 square km) of the lake's area are Swiss, and 90 square miles (234 square km) are French. Lying at an elevation of 1,220 feet (372 m), the lake is 45 miles (72 km) long, with a maximum width of 8.5 miles (13.5 km) and an average width of 5 miles (8 km). mile squar

The frigate bird is perhaps the most aerial of all birds except the sw.... frigat bird

The frigate bird is perhaps the most aerial of all birds except the swift and alights only to sleep or to tend its nest. Found throughout the world along tropical and semitropical coasts and islands, the frigate bird usually keeps within 100 miles (160 km) of land, to which it must return to roost. The largest species (to about 115 cm [45 inches]) is the magnificent frigate bird, Fregata magnificens, found on both coasts of America, the Caribbean Sea, and Cape Verde. APA style: frigate bird. frigat bird

The keys were originally inhabited by such Native Ameri.... kei long

Largest of the keys is Key Largo, about 30 miles (50 km) long and formerly known for its plantations of key limes (used to make key lime pies). It is some 25 miles (40 km) long and 3 miles (5 km) wide and lies along Key Largo's east coast. Long Key State Park is on Long Key, just southwest of Islamorada. , a short distance south of Miami Beach, includes several of the northernmost keys, and most of the keys in Florida Bay are within . The keys are protected by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, established in 1990, which covers an area of some 3,600 square miles (9,300 square km). Much of the northern area of the lower keys has been designated the Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge, and another refuge is located immediately west of Key West. Big Pine Key, largest of the lower keys, is a refuge for the tiny key deer and has unusual displays of cacti.

French Lac Édouard, one of the great lakes of the Western Rift Valley in eastern Africa. It lies a.... lake empti

From Lake George, which receives the Ruwenzori River, water flows through the 20-mile- (32-kilometre-) long Kazinga Channel to Lake Edward, also fed by the Rutshuru River (crossing a wide plain in the south). Lake Edward empties northward through the Semliki River to Lake Albert (after 1973, also called Lake Mobutu Sese Seko), the waters of which empty as the Albert Nile.

The following are some major approaches to dieting: (1) Controlled dieting such a.... diet amount

The following are some major approaches to dieting: (1) Controlled dieting such as that directed by weight-control clubs ( e.g., Weight Watchers International, Inc.) and health spas involves programs that include education on nutrition, group reinforcement, specially constructed diets that provide adequate amounts of nutrients, and weight-maintenance regimens that are designed for long-term use. The prudent diet and its relatives stress a low-saturated and high-unsaturated fat content and limited amounts of sugar; they restrict red meat and stress poultry and nonoily fish. (3) Formula diets, such as Metrecal, Slender Now, and the Cambridge Diet plan, provide for the intake of a minimum of necessary nutrientsespecially proteinin liquid form. Many such plans are packaged with liquids or powdered supplements, to be consumed variously from one to four times a day; modified versions call for two liquid meals and one meal of conventional food. The advantages of such formulas are r! itual and reduced decision making, and the disadvantages are that dieters learn nothing about eating habits because choices are made for them and, also, that the more restrictive of these diets (down to 300 calories per day) can be quite dangerous to the health. The richness of the diet, in general, may produce dangerous effects related to the excretion of large amounts of uric acid and other nitrogenous end products and to the high saturated-fat content of the diet. The best of the high-carbohydrate diets are moderate in protein and low in fat and promise slow weight loss with exercise and careful nutritional consideration.

The strait holds a significant place in history. The Hellespont is the scene of the Greek legend of the two lovers Hero and.... strait strateg

The ancient city of Troy defended the Dardanelles from its strategic position at the southwest end (Asian side). The strait has always been of great strategic and economic importance as the gateway to Istanbul and the Black Sea from the Mediterranean. Duckworth in 1807, but during World War I the Allies failed to capture it, although a British submarine penetrated the minefields and sank a Turkish battleship off the Golden Horn, an inlet on the Bosporus strait. The city of Dardanus in the Troad (territory around ancient Troy), where Mithradates VI (king of Pontus) and Sulla (the Roman general) signed a treaty in 85 , gave the strait its name.

Crete is dominated by harsh mountains rising out of the sea. The island's east-west mountainous range consists of four main.... feet island

The island's east-west mountainous range consists of four main groups that rise to the island's highest point, Mount hi, 8,058 feet (2,456 metres) in elevation. To the west the Levk ri (White Mountains) reach 8,045 feet (2,452 metres), and to the east the Dh i i extend to 7,047 feet (2,148 metres) in elevation. The (Mesar Plain extends along the south-central part of the island for about 18 miles (29 km) and is Crete's major expanse of flatlands. Endemic species of wild plants are especially plentiful in and around the gorge of Samari one of the national parks of Greece, located in the southern part of the island in Omal bout 26 miles (42 km) south of Kh a.

Cormorants inhabit seacoasts, lakes, and some rivers. The nest may be made of seaweed and guano on a cliff or of sticks in .... cormorant, p.

The largest and most widespread species is the common, or great, cormorant, white-cheeked, and up to 100 cm (40 inches) long, it breeds from eastern Canada to Iceland, across Eurasia to Australia and New Zealand, and in parts of Africa. It and the slightly smaller Japanese cormorant, P. The most important guano producers are the Peruvian cormorant, or guanay, P. APA style: cormorant.

Chimaeras are tapered fishes with large pectoral an.... speci snout;

Chimaeras are tapered fishes with large pectoral and pelvic fins, large eyes, and two dorsal fins, the first preceded by a sharp spine. The species are placed in three families: (including the species called rabbit fish), characterized by a rounded or cone-shaped snout; Callorhinchidae ( elephant fishes), with an unusual, hoe-shaped, flexible snout; and Rhinochimaeridae (long-nosed chimaeras), with an extended, pointed snout. Found in temperate to cold waters of all oceans, chimaeras range from rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters to oceanic depths of 2,500 metres (8,200 feet) or more. APA style: chimaera.

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